φόβος -ῶν

φόβος, ου, ὁ (s. three prec. entries; Hom.+. In Hom. ‘panic flight’; then in various senses).

① intimidating entity, the act. causative sense

ⓐ intimidation (Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 27 §104 ἐς φ. τῆς βουλῆς=to intimidate the Senate) so prob. τὸν φόβον αὐτῶν μὴ φοβηθῆτε do not be intimidated by their intimidation (cp. REB et al.) 1 Pt 3:14 (Is 8:12; s. φοβέω 1bγ and cp. 2aα below).

ⓑ concretely, someth. terrible/awe-inspiring, a terror (Soph., Philoct. 1251; Polyb. 11, 30, 2; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 135 §565; SIG 442, 10 [III B.C.] οὐδένα οὔτε φόβον οὔτε κίνδυνον ὑποστελλόμενοι; Just., A II, 5, 4 διὰ φόβων καὶ τιμωριῶν ὧν ἐπέφερον) οἱ ἄρχοντες οὐκ εἰσὶν φόβος Ro 13:3. So perh. also εἰδότες οὖν τὸν φόβον τοῦ κυρίου since we know what it is that causes fear of the Lord 2 Cor 5:11 (i.e. the judgment to come, vs. 10; so Goodsp., REB et al.; ambiguously NRSV; s. also Field, Notes 183f); s. 2bα below.

② the product of an intimidating/alarming force, the pass. sense

ⓐ fear, alarm, fright

α. gener. 2 Cor 7:11; 1 Pt 1:17 (mng. fear of the coming judge, unless ἐν φ. here means reverently, as ESelwyn, 1 Pt ’46, 143); Jd 23 (mng. the fear of defiling oneself); Dg 7:3. W. τρόμος (q.v.) 1 Cor 2:3; 2 Cor 7:15; 1 Cl 12:5. Pl. fears, apprehensions, feelings of anxiety (as early as Thu. et al.; Diod S 16, 3, 1; 16, 42, 9 Ptolemy, Apotel. 2, 9, 5; Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 16 §67; 3, 89 §368; SIG 326, 21 [307/306 B.C.]; Job 20:25; Wsd 18:17; Jos., Ant. 10, 24; 15, 44) ἔξωθεν μάχαι ἔσωθεν φόβοι 2 Cor 7:5. παράγειν φόβους ἀνθρωπίνους bring in fears of humans 2 Cl 10:3.—W. obj. gen. of pers. (Diod S 10, 19, 6 ὁ τῶν Περσῶν φόβος), or of thing (Jos., C. Ap. 1, 259; Ath. 1, 1 φόβῳ δίκης; Did., Gen. 171, 14) causing fear ὁ φόβος τῶν Ἰουδαίων the fear of the Judeans J 7:13; 19:38; 20:19. φόβος θανάτου fear of death (Epict. 2, 1, 14; 2, 18, 30 et al.; TestAbr B 14 p. 118, 24 [Stone p. 84]; Philo, Omn. Prob. Lib. 111; Ath., R. 22 p. 75, 17; Orig., C. Cels. 1, 61, 37) Hb 2:15. τοῦ βασανισμοῦ Rv 18:10, 15. νόμου Dg 11:6.—ἀπὸ (τοῦ) φόβου (τινός) because of, out of fear (of someone) Mt 14:26; 28:4; Lk 21:26; Hm 11:14. Also διὰ τ. φόβον Ac 26:14 v.l. (Hyperid. 5, 5 διὰ τὸν φ.; Arrian, Anab. 5, 15, 6 διὰ τὸν φ.; Artem. 1, 1 p. 3, 23 διὰ φόβον; TestAbr B 14 p. 118, 24 [Stone p. 84]; Philo, Mos. 1, 164 διὰ φόβον τινός; Jos., Vi. 354 διὰ τὸν φόβον; Just., A II, 9, 1 διὰ φόβον). μετὰ φόβου with or in fear (Aeneas Tact. 1257; TestAbr A 16 p. 96, 22 [Stone p. 40]; GrBar 13:1) of the feeling that accompanies an action Mt 28:8; Dg 12:6; AcPl Ha 11, 12.—As subject (En 100:8): φόβος πίπτει ἐπί τινα fear comes upon someone Ac 19:17 v.l.; Rv 11:11 v.l. ἐπιπίπτει ἐπί τινα Lk 1:12; Ac 19:17; Rv 11:11. ἐστὶν ἐπί τινα Ac 2:43b v.l. γίνεται ἐπί τινα Lk 1:65; Ac 5:5, 11 or γίνεταί τινι Ac 2:43a. λαμβάνει τινά (Jos., Vi. 148) Lk 7:16; Hv 5:4. πλησθῆναι φόβου Lk 5:26. φόβῳ συνέχεσθαι 8:37; AcPl Ha 3, 33; 11, 16. φόβον ἔχειν 1 Ti 5:20; Hm 7:2c; 12, 4, 7a; Hs 1:10. φοβεῖσθαι φόβον (μέγαν) Mk 4:41; Lk 2:9; cp. τὸν φόβον αὐτῶν μὴ φοβηθῆτε do not fear what they fear (NRSV; sim. et al.) 1 Pt 3:14 (but s. 1 above); Hm 7:1 (φοβέω 1a).

β. specif. of slavish fear (Diog. Cyn. in Diog. L. 6, 75 δούλου τὸ φοβεῖσθαι), which is not to characterize a Christian’s relation to God οὐκ ἐλάβετε πνεῦμα δουλείας εἰς φόβον you have not received a spirit of slavery, to cause you to fear Ro 8:15. Cp. 1J 4:18abc (opp. ἀγάπη; cp. κόλασις 2, end).

ⓑ reverence, respect

α. toward God (Polyaenus 1, 16, 1; LXX; PsSol 6:5 al.; EpArist 159 ὁ περὶ θεοῦ φόβος; 189; cp. φόβος τὰ θεῖα τοῖσι σώφροσιν βροτῶν TGF, Adesp. no. 356 p. 906) and Christ, w. τρόμος Phil 2:12 (s. τρόμος). W. ἀλήθεια 1 Cl 19:1; Pol 2:1. W. ἀγάπη 1 Cl 51:2. W. εὐλάβεια Pol 6:3. W. πίστις, εἰρήνη and other good things and virtues 1 Cl 64. W. ὑπομονή B 2:2. W. ἐλπὶς: εἰς τὸν Ἰησοῦν 11:11. W. πίστις and ἐγκράτεια Hm 6, 1, 1. W. objective gen. φόβος (τοῦ) θεοῦ (PLond 1914, 12 φόβον θεοῦ ἔχοντες ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ; Philo, Spec. Leg. 4, 199; TestLevi 13:7; TestNapht 2:9; Theoph. Ant. 1, 7 [p. 72, 26]) Ro 3:18 (Ps 35:2); 2 Cor 7:1 (ἀγάπη P⁴⁶); 1 Cl 3:4; 21:6; cp. 8; B 4:11; 19:5; 20:2; Pol 4:2; Hm 10, 1, 6a; 12, 2, 4bc; D 4:9. φόβος (τοῦ) κυρίου (TestReub 4:1; TestSim 3:4) Ac 9:31; 1 Cl 22:1 (Ps 33:12); 57:5 (Pr 1:29); B 11:5 (Is 33:18 v.l.); Hm 7:4b; 8:9; 10, 1, 6b; 12, 2, 4a; 12, 3, 1. Some place here 2 Cor 5:11 (s. 1b above). φόβος Χριστοῦ Eph 5:21.—For 1 Pt 1:17 s. 2aα beg.

β. toward humans, respect that is due officials (cp. Byzantinische Papyri [Munich], ed. AHeisenberg/LWenger, 1914, no. 2, ln. 13 p. 43: ἔχοντες τὸν φόβον … τῆς ὑμετέρας ἐνδόξου ὑπεροχῆς=having respect for your esteemed authority) Ro 13:7ab (CCranfield, NTS 6, ’60, 241–49: the ref. may be to God); fr. slave to master 1 Pt 2:18; Eph 6:5 (w. τρόμος); B 19:7=D 4:11 (w. αἰσχύνη); wife to husband 1 Pt 3:2 (cp. SEG XXXV, 1427, 5 [III A.D.]). Gener. 3:16 (w. πραΰτης).—WLütgert, Die Furcht Gottes: MKähler Festschr. 1905, SBerkelbach v.der Sprenkel, Vrees en Religie 1920, 165ff; RSander, Furcht u. Liebe im palästin. Judentum ’35.—B. 1153. DELG s.v. φέβομαι I. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

φόβος, ὁ, ([etym.] φέβομαι)

A panic flight, the usual sense in Hom., cf. Sch. Il.11.71 (but cf.

φύζα, φόβου κρυόεντος ἑταίρη Il.9.2

); once in Od.,

οἱ δ' ἔσχοντο φόβου 24.57

; freq. in Il.,

Δαναῶν γένετο ἰαχή τε φ. τε 15.396

;

πρῶτος Πηνέλεως.. ἦρχε φόβοιο 17.597

;

ἐς φόβον ἀνδρῶν 15.310

; φόβονδε = φύγαδε, ἑστάμεναι κρατερῶς, μηδὲ τρωπᾶσθε φόβονδε ib. 666;

φόβονδ' ἔχε μώνυχας ἵππους 8.139

; μή τι φόβονδ' ἀγόρευε counsel not to flight, 5.252;

ἀΐξαντα φόβονδε 17.579

;

ὦρσαν φόβον Δαναοῖς B.12.145

.

2 Φόβος personified, as son of Ares, Il.13.299;

Δεῖμός τε Φ. τε 11.37

, cf. 4.440, 15.119, Hes.Th. 934, A.Th.45; worshipped at Selinus, IG14.268.2.

II panic fear,

[στρατῷ] φ. ἐμβάλλειν Hdt.7.10

.

έ; ἐν τῷ γινομένῳ φ. Id.9.69

; generally, fear, terror (distd. from δέος (q.v.)),

τορὸς ὀρθόθριξ φ. A.Ch.32

(lyr.);

διάτορος φ. Id.Pr. 183

(lyr.);

ταρβόσυνος Id.Th. 240

(lyr.);

νεανικός E.Hipp. 1204

; joined with δέος and δεῖμα, v. sub vocc.; opp. θάρρος, Pl.Lg. 644c; sts. in milder sense, doubt, scruple, Pl.Phd. 101b; ἔχει πολλὴν ὑποψίαν καὶ φ. ὡς .. Id.Sph. 268a: also, awe, reverence, for a ruler or divine being,

τοῦ ἡγεμόνος POxy.1642.17

(iii A.D.);

θεοῦ LXX Ps.35(36).1

, PLond.2.418.4 (iv A.D.):

τοῦκυρίου Act.Ap. 931

.—Construction, a. c. gen. obj., fear or dread of.., A.Pers. 116 (lyr.), Th.3.54, etc.;

φ. τοῦ στρατεῦσαι X.An.3.1.18

: c. dupl.gen.,

ὀμμάτων εἰληφότας φόβον.. τῆς ἐμῆς ἐπεισόδου S.OC 730

: with Preps.,

φ. ἀπό τινος X.An.7.2.37

codd.;

ὁ ἀπὸ τῶν πολεμίων φ. Id.Cyr.3.3.53

;

οὑξ ὀνειράτων φ. A.Ch. 929

;

πρός τινος S.El. 783

;

πρός τινας D.16.10

, 25.93; φ. περὶ τοῦ καρποῦ fear for or concerning.., Th.4.88;

φ. ἑκάστων πέρι Pl.Phlb. 20b

;

ὑπὲρ τοῦ μέλλοντος Th.7.41

;

τὸν ἐκ τῶν Ἑλλήνων εἰς τοὺς βαρβάρους φ. X.An.1.2.18

; τῷ καθ' ἑαντὸν φ. from personal fear, D.19.2: c. inf., φόβῳ εἰσορᾶν from fear to see, E.IT 1342:—for τεθνάναι τῷ φόβῳ τινά, v. θνῄσκω 1.2.

b with Verbs,

τεύχειν φόβον A.Pr. 1090

(anap.);

κλάζουσι κώδωνες φ. Id.Th. 386

;

φ. ποιεῖν τοῖς ἵπποις X.An. 1.8.18

;

παρασχεῖν E.Hec. 1113

, etc.;

παρασκευάζειν D.59.86

; φόβους ἐμβάλλειν, φόβον ἐνθεῖναί τινι, to strike terror into one, X.Cyr.8.7.18, An.7.4.1;

ἐνεργάσασθαί τινι Isoc.7.38

, 11.25;

ἔδωκ' Ἀπόλλων θῆρας φόβῳ Pi.P.5.61

; of the person who feels fear, φόβον λαβεῖν, ἔχειν, E.El.39, X.Hier.11.11;

ἐκ φόβου φ. τρέφω S.Tr.28

: acc. cogn., φόβους φοβεῖσθαι, δεδοικέναι, Pl.Prt. 360b, E.Supp. 548; τὸν σὸν οὐ ταρβῶ φ. I fear not with thy fear, i.e. not like thee, S.Ph. 1251; Ταντάλου φ. φοβεῖσθαι Sch.E.Or.6;

ἐς φ. κατιστέατο Hdt.8.12

, cf. Th.2.81;

ἐν φ. γενέσθαι Pl.R. 578e

;

φ. μ' ἔχει A.Ag. 1243

, cf. E.Or. 1255; μοι φ. τις εἰσελήλυθ', μ' ὑπῆλθέ τις φ., ib. 1324, S.Ph. 1231;

τοῖς Ἕλλησι φ. ἐμπίπτει X.An.2.2.19

, etc.; διὰ φόβου ἔρχομαι, διὰ φόβων γίγνομαι, E.Or. 757 (troch.), Pl.Lg. 791b: opp.

φόβον λύειν A.Th. 270

, E.Or. 104;

διαλῦσαι Pl.Mx. 241b

;

φόβους ἐξαίρει τῶν πολιτῶν Isoc. 2.23

;

ἀπεληλακέναι τινί X.Cyr.4.2.10

; φόβου ἀπαλλάξεσθαι to get rid of it, ib.5.2.32;

φόβου ἐκλύσασθαί τινα S.OT 1002

;

φόβους ἀπολύεσθαι Arist.Rh. 1415b18

; φόβου μεθεῖσα (Valck. φόβον) E.Hel. 555;

φόβου ἔξωθεν εἶναι Id.El. 901

;

ἵνα φόβος εἴη στρατεύειν X.An.2.4.3

; οὐ φ. μὴ .. Id.Mem.2.1.25; φ. ἐστὶν ὅπως μὴ .. Pl.Smp. 193a; but φόβος εἰ πείσω I fear I shall not persuade.., E.Med. 184 (anap.); ἡμέας ἔχειφ. τε καὶ δέος ὅκως χρὴ .. Hdt.4.115 ( φόβος ἦν ὥστε μὴ τέγξαι is corrupt in E.IT 1380): adverbial usages, φόβῳ by or through fear, A.Supp. 786 (lyr.), Th. 240 (lyr.), etc.;

ἀνάγκῃ καὶ φ. Pl.R. 554d

: with Preps., διὰ φόβον, διὰ τὸν φ., Democr.41, X.Hier.1.38, Cyr.3.1.24;

ἐκ τίνος φόβου; S.OC 887

;

μετὰ φόβων Isoc.2.26

;

ἄρχειν ξὺν φόβοισι S.OT 585

;

προαποθνῄσκειν ὑπὸ τοῦ φ. X.Cyr.3.1.25

; Poet.,

ἀμφὶ φόβῳ E.Or. 825

(lyr.): pl., not only in Poets, as Pi.N.9.27, A.Th. 134 (prob. l.), S.Aj. 531, etc., but also in Prose,

φόβους καὶ δείματα Th.7.80

;

πόνους καὶ φ. Pl. Lg. 635c

;

κινδύνους καὶ φ. Id.Tht. 173a

.

2 object or cause of terror, S.OC 1652; φόβος ἀκοῦσαι a terror to hear, Hdt.6.112: pl.,

ἢν φόβους λέγῃ S.OT 917

;

πολλῶν φ. προσαγομένων X.An.4.1.23

.

Φόβος

panic flight: masc nom sg

φόβος

panic flight: masc nom sg

-ου ⁺ ὁ N 2 12-6-38-75-68=199 Gn 9,2; 15,12; 31,42.53; 35,5

fear Gn 9,2; terror Gn 15,12; scruple, reverence Ps 35(36),2

*Jb 39,19 φόβον terror corr.? φόβην mane for MT רעמה mane; *2 Chr 26,5 ἐν φόβῳ in fearing-ביראת for MT בראת in seeing; *Is 33,3(secundo) ἀπὸ τοῦ φόβου σου for fear of you-ממוראך for MT מרוממתך for lifting yourself up; *Jer 37(30),6 φόβου fear-ירא for MT ראיתי I have seen; *Ez 38,21 φόβον fear-חרדה for MT חרב הרי my mountains, a sword?; *Dn^LXX 11,31 φόβου fear-זוע for MT מעוז fortress

Cf. HARL 1986a, 52.186.238; WALTERS 1973, 146; WEVERS 1990 233.374; →NIDNTT; TWNT

1) apprehension

2) fear

3) fright

Φόβος

panic flight: masc nom /voc /acc dual

Φόβος

panic flight: masc gen sg (doric aeolic)

Φόβος

panic flight: masc dat sg

φόβος

panic flight: masc nom /voc /acc dual

φόβος

panic flight: masc gen sg (doric aeolic)

φόβος

panic flight: masc dat sg

Φόβος

panic flight: masc nom /voc pl

Φόβος

panic flight: masc gen sg (epic)

Φόβος

panic flight: masc dat pl

Φόβος

panic flight: masc dat pl (epic ionic aeolic)

Φόβος

panic flight: masc acc sg

Φόβος

panic flight: masc gen sg

Φόβος

panic flight: masc acc pl

Φόβος

panic flight: masc gen pl

φόβος

panic flight: masc nom /voc pl

φόβος

panic flight: masc gen sg (epic)